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Strawberry poison-dart frog
The strawberry poison frog or strawberry poison-dart frog (''Oophaga pumilio'', formerly ''Dendrobates pumilio'') is a species of small poison dart frog found in Central America. It is common throughout its range, which extends from eastern central Nicaragua through Costa Rica and northwestern Panama. The species is often found in humid lowlands and premontane forest, but large populations are also found in disturbed areas such as plantations.〔Savage, J. M. 2002. The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica. University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London.〕 The strawberry poison frog is perhaps most famous for its widespread variation in coloration, comprising approximately 15–30 color morphs, most of which are presumed to be true-breeding.〔Summers, K., Cronin, T.W. and Kennedy, T. 2003. Variation in spectral reflectance among population of ''Dendrobates pumilio'', the strawberry poison frog, in the Bocas del Toro Archipelago, Panama. Journal of Biogeography 30:35-53.〕 ''O. pumilio'', while not the most poisonous of the dendrobatids, is the most toxic member of its genus.
==Diet==
The diet of ''O. pumilio'' causes the skin of the amphibian to become toxic in nature when certain subspecies of mites and ants are ingested. Alkaloid toxins are organic in nature and contain nitrogenous bases that react with carbon and hydrogen groups. Pumiliotoxin 251D is the specialized toxin that is sequestered by this species of frog. This toxin has a negative stimulating effect on cardiac function and is a severe disruptor of the sodium potassium ion channels within cells. Upon ingestion of Pumiliotoxin 251D, organisms preying on ''O. pumilio'' experience convulsions, paralysis, and death.〔
Oribatida mites belonging to the glandulate suborder Brachypylina are an important origin of pumiliotoxins in ''O. pumilio''. Hexane-extraction techniques indicate presence of alkaloid toxins in Brachypylina. Toxins appear to be biosynthesized in adult mites, as nymph and larval stages of the insect do not carry the toxins. Experimental analysis of this species of mite show alkaloid toxins are found almost exclusively in the opisthonotal glands of mites of the Scheloribatidae. Oil glands of the mite contain the toxins and are then released internally as the amphibian digests the insect.
''O. pumilio'' can also attribute its cutaneous toxicity to its rich diet of formicine ants.〔 Species of the formicine genus ''Brachymyrmex'' contain pumiliotoxins which the frogs incorporate and accumulate poison from. There is a variability of alkaloid profiles among populations and individuals of ''O. pumilio'', which is indicative of varying levels of available prey within their intraspecific habitats. Research and physical analysis reveal that maternally derived alkaloids exist in young tadpoles. During tadpole-rearing, mother frogs feed their young an unfertilized egg from their ovaries after dropping each individual tadpole into a repository of water usually found in a bromeliad.〔Forsyth, A., Fogden, M., Fogden, P., Wilson, E., O. 2008. Nature of the Rainforest: Costa Rica and Beyond. Cornell University Press. Ithaca, New York, USA.〕 Tadpoles lacking the obligate nutritive egg diet do not contain the alkaloid.〔 This step is crucial for the tadpoles to sequester the alkaloid from their mother; without such, young tadpoles become susceptible to predation by arthropods and other frogs.
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